Abstract
Encoding variability refers to the situation in which repeated items are processed in different ways on each presentation. Superior memory performance resulting from encoding variability is sometimes argued to underlie important phenomena in human memory such as the spacing effect. However, the memory benefits of encoding variability are often elusive. Here we investigated encoding variability in ten experiments in which participants studied words with the same or different orienting tasks across repetitions. We have found the benefits of variable encoding to depend on the number of learning cycles and the retrieval demands at test. These results are interpreted in light of a distinction between different components of memory representations established at study, suggesting that encoding variability promoted via different orienting tasks—as implemented in the present study—fosters more elaborate encoding of semantic features. This augmented semantic component benefits memory performance only when a memory test is used that taps predominantly semantic features of memory representations, minimizing the role of contextual and relational factors.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 1067-1082 |
Number of pages | 16 |
Journal | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 47 |
Issue number | 7 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 31 Jul 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This research was partially supported by Grant 2017/27/B/HS6/02001 from the National Science Centre in Poland awarded to Maciej Hanczakowski, and by Grant PPN/PPO/2018/1/00103 from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange awarded to Katarzyna Zawadzka. We thank Ewa Butowska, Karolina Lukasik, Kalina Kordynska, Krzysztof Piątkowski,and Oliwia Zaborowska for their assistance with data collection for Experiments 5–7.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American Psychological Association
Keywords
- component-levels theory
- encoding variability
- recall
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
- Language and Linguistics
- Linguistics and Language