Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study of self-testing for proteinuria during hypertensive pregnancies: the UDIP study

B Jakubowski; R Stevens; H Wilson; L Lavallee; L Brittain; C Crawford; J Hodgkinson; L Hinton; L Mackillop; L C Chappell; R J McManus; K L Tucker

doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17180

Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study of self-testing for proteinuria during hypertensive pregnancies: the UDIP study

B Jakubowski, R Stevens, H Wilson, L Lavallee, L Brittain, C Crawford, J Hodgkinson, L Hinton, L Mackillop, L C Chappell, R J McManus, K L Tucker

Applied Health Research

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Abstract

Abstract: Objective: To determine the accuracy of self‐testing for proteinuria during pregnancy. Design: Diagnostic accuracy study. Setting: Antenatal clinics, maternity assessment units and inpatient wards at three hospital sites. Population or Sample: 345 pregnant women. Methods: Pregnant women self‐tested in‐clinic for urinary protein using visually read dipsticks with samples then sent for laboratory estimation of the spot protein‐creatinine ratio (PCR) (primary reference test). Secondary index tests included testing by antenatal healthcare professionals and an automated colorimetric reader. Main outcome measures: Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and likelihood ratios were calculated for self‐testing (primary index test) along with healthcare professional and colorimetric testing compared to the primary reference test (PCR). Results: 335/345 (97%) had sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Self‐testing had a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–0.79) and a specificity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.84–0.92) compared to PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of testing by healthcare professionals and the colorimetric reader were similar: sensitivity 0.73 (95% CI 0.64–0.80) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.85), respectively; specificity 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.92) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.78–0.88), respectively. Conclusion: Pregnant women can visually read a dipstick for urinary protein with similar accuracy to antenatal healthcare professionals. Automated colorimetric testing was not significantly different, in contrast to some previous studies. Self‐testing has the potential to form part of a self‐monitoring regime in pregnancy.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-7
Number of pages	7
Journal	BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume	2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17180
Publication status	Published - 12 Apr 2022

Bibliographical note

© 2022 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This work was funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) programme grant for applied research (Optimising the monitoring and management of raised blood pressure during and after pregnancy, RPPG-0614-20 005) and an NIHR Professorship awarded to RM (NIHR-RP-R2-12-015). RM, KT and BJ received funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research (CLAHRC), now recommissioned as NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley (ARC-OxTV). BJ also received funding from the Primary Care Research Trust. LH is based in The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute (THIS Institute), University of Cambridge. THIS Institute is supported by the Health Foundation, an independent charity committed to bringing about better health and healthcare for people in the UK. LH received additional funding from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. LM is supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Keywords

Pregnancy
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESEARCH ARTICLES
diagnostic accuracy study
hypertension
pre-eclampsia
pregnancy
pre‐eclampsia
proteinuria
self-testing
self‐testing

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Jakubowski, B., Stevens, R., Wilson, H., Lavallee, L., Brittain, L., Crawford, C., Hodgkinson, J., Hinton, L., Mackillop, L., Chappell, L. C., McManus, R. J., & Tucker, K. L. (2022). Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study of self-testing for proteinuria during hypertensive pregnancies: the UDIP study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2022, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17180

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abstract = "Abstract: Objective: To determine the accuracy of self‐testing for proteinuria during pregnancy. Design: Diagnostic accuracy study. Setting: Antenatal clinics, maternity assessment units and inpatient wards at three hospital sites. Population or Sample: 345 pregnant women. Methods: Pregnant women self‐tested in‐clinic for urinary protein using visually read dipsticks with samples then sent for laboratory estimation of the spot protein‐creatinine ratio (PCR) (primary reference test). Secondary index tests included testing by antenatal healthcare professionals and an automated colorimetric reader. Main outcome measures: Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and likelihood ratios were calculated for self‐testing (primary index test) along with healthcare professional and colorimetric testing compared to the primary reference test (PCR). Results: 335/345 (97%) had sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Self‐testing had a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–0.79) and a specificity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.84–0.92) compared to PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of testing by healthcare professionals and the colorimetric reader were similar: sensitivity 0.73 (95% CI 0.64–0.80) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.85), respectively; specificity 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.92) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.78–0.88), respectively. Conclusion: Pregnant women can visually read a dipstick for urinary protein with similar accuracy to antenatal healthcare professionals. Automated colorimetric testing was not significantly different, in contrast to some previous studies. Self‐testing has the potential to form part of a self‐monitoring regime in pregnancy.",

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author = "B Jakubowski and R Stevens and H Wilson and L Lavallee and L Brittain and C Crawford and J Hodgkinson and L Hinton and L Mackillop and Chappell, {L C} and McManus, {R J} and Tucker, {K L}",

note = "{\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This work was funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) programme grant for applied research (Optimising the monitoring and management of raised blood pressure during and after pregnancy, RPPG-0614-20 005) and an NIHR Professorship awarded to RM (NIHR-RP-R2-12-015). RM, KT and BJ received funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research (CLAHRC), now recommissioned as NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley (ARC-OxTV). BJ also received funding from the Primary Care Research Trust. LH is based in The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute (THIS Institute), University of Cambridge. THIS Institute is supported by the Health Foundation, an independent charity committed to bringing about better health and healthcare for people in the UK. LH received additional funding from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. LM is supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.",

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Jakubowski, B, Stevens, R, Wilson, H, Lavallee, L, Brittain, L, Crawford, C, Hodgkinson, J, Hinton, L, Mackillop, L, Chappell, LC, McManus, RJ & Tucker, KL 2022, 'Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study of self-testing for proteinuria during hypertensive pregnancies: the UDIP study', BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol. 2022, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17180

TY - JOUR

T1 - Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study of self-testing for proteinuria during hypertensive pregnancies

T2 - the UDIP study

AU - Jakubowski, B

AU - Stevens, R

AU - Wilson, H

AU - Lavallee, L

AU - Brittain, L

AU - Crawford, C

AU - Hodgkinson, J

AU - Hinton, L

AU - Mackillop, L

AU - Chappell, L C

AU - McManus, R J

AU - Tucker, K L

N1 - © 2022 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This work was funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) programme grant for applied research (Optimising the monitoring and management of raised blood pressure during and after pregnancy, RPPG-0614-20 005) and an NIHR Professorship awarded to RM (NIHR-RP-R2-12-015). RM, KT and BJ received funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research (CLAHRC), now recommissioned as NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley (ARC-OxTV). BJ also received funding from the Primary Care Research Trust. LH is based in The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute (THIS Institute), University of Cambridge. THIS Institute is supported by the Health Foundation, an independent charity committed to bringing about better health and healthcare for people in the UK. LH received additional funding from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. LM is supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

PY - 2022/4/12

Y1 - 2022/4/12

N2 - Abstract: Objective: To determine the accuracy of self‐testing for proteinuria during pregnancy. Design: Diagnostic accuracy study. Setting: Antenatal clinics, maternity assessment units and inpatient wards at three hospital sites. Population or Sample: 345 pregnant women. Methods: Pregnant women self‐tested in‐clinic for urinary protein using visually read dipsticks with samples then sent for laboratory estimation of the spot protein‐creatinine ratio (PCR) (primary reference test). Secondary index tests included testing by antenatal healthcare professionals and an automated colorimetric reader. Main outcome measures: Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and likelihood ratios were calculated for self‐testing (primary index test) along with healthcare professional and colorimetric testing compared to the primary reference test (PCR). Results: 335/345 (97%) had sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Self‐testing had a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–0.79) and a specificity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.84–0.92) compared to PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of testing by healthcare professionals and the colorimetric reader were similar: sensitivity 0.73 (95% CI 0.64–0.80) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.85), respectively; specificity 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.92) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.78–0.88), respectively. Conclusion: Pregnant women can visually read a dipstick for urinary protein with similar accuracy to antenatal healthcare professionals. Automated colorimetric testing was not significantly different, in contrast to some previous studies. Self‐testing has the potential to form part of a self‐monitoring regime in pregnancy.

AB - Abstract: Objective: To determine the accuracy of self‐testing for proteinuria during pregnancy. Design: Diagnostic accuracy study. Setting: Antenatal clinics, maternity assessment units and inpatient wards at three hospital sites. Population or Sample: 345 pregnant women. Methods: Pregnant women self‐tested in‐clinic for urinary protein using visually read dipsticks with samples then sent for laboratory estimation of the spot protein‐creatinine ratio (PCR) (primary reference test). Secondary index tests included testing by antenatal healthcare professionals and an automated colorimetric reader. Main outcome measures: Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and likelihood ratios were calculated for self‐testing (primary index test) along with healthcare professional and colorimetric testing compared to the primary reference test (PCR). Results: 335/345 (97%) had sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Self‐testing had a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–0.79) and a specificity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.84–0.92) compared to PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of testing by healthcare professionals and the colorimetric reader were similar: sensitivity 0.73 (95% CI 0.64–0.80) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.85), respectively; specificity 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.92) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.78–0.88), respectively. Conclusion: Pregnant women can visually read a dipstick for urinary protein with similar accuracy to antenatal healthcare professionals. Automated colorimetric testing was not significantly different, in contrast to some previous studies. Self‐testing has the potential to form part of a self‐monitoring regime in pregnancy.

KW - Pregnancy

KW - RESEARCH ARTICLE

KW - RESEARCH ARTICLES

KW - diagnostic accuracy study

KW - hypertension

KW - pre-eclampsia

KW - pregnancy

KW - pre‐eclampsia

KW - proteinuria

KW - self-testing

KW - self‐testing

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U2 - 10.1111/1471-0528.17180

DO - 10.1111/1471-0528.17180

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SN - 1470-0328

VL - 2022

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JO - BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

JF - BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

ER -

Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study of self-testing for proteinuria during hypertensive pregnancies: the UDIP study

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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