TY - JOUR
T1 - Giants of the Amazon
T2 - How does environmental variation drive the diversity patterns of large trees?
AU - de Lima, Robson Borges
AU - Görgens, Eric Bastos
AU - da Silva, Diego Armando S.
AU - de Oliveira, Cinthia Pereira
AU - Batista, Anderson Pedro B.
AU - Caraciolo Ferreira, Rinaldo L.
AU - Costa, Flavia R.C.
AU - Ferreira de Lima, Renato A.
AU - da Silva Aparício, Perseu
AU - de Abreu, Jadson Coelho
AU - da Silva, José Antônio Aleixo
AU - Guimaraes, Aretha Franklin
AU - Fearnside, Philip M.
AU - Sousa, Thaiane R.
AU - Perdiz, Ricardo
AU - Higuchi, Niro
AU - Berenguer, Erika
AU - Resende, Angélica F.
AU - Elias, Fernando
AU - de Castilho, Carolina Volkmer
AU - de Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante
AU - de Matos Filho, João Ramos
AU - Sardinha, Maurício Alves
AU - Freitas, Márcio André Furtado
AU - da Silva, José Jussian
AU - da Cunha, Aldemir Pereira
AU - Santos, Renan Mendes
AU - Muelbert, Adriane Esquivel
AU - Guedes, Marcelino Carneiro
AU - Imbrózio, Reinaldo
AU - de Sousa, Carla Samara Campelo
AU - da Silva Aparício, Wegliane Campelo
AU - da Silva e Silva, Breno Marques
AU - Silva, Celice Alexandre
AU - Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes
AU - Junior, Ben Hur Marimon
AU - Morandi, Paulo S.
AU - Storck-Tonon, Danielle
AU - Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães
AU - Schietti, Juliana
AU - Coelho, Fernanda
AU - Alves de Almeida, Danilo R.
AU - Castro, Wendeson
AU - Carvalho, Samuel P.C.
AU - da Silva, Robson dos Santos A.
AU - Silveira, Juliana
AU - Camargo, José Luís
AU - Melgaço, Karina
AU - de Freitas, Lucas Jose Mazzei
AU - Vedovato, Laura
AU - Benchimol, Maíra
AU - de Oliveira de Almeida, Gabriel
AU - Prance, Ghillean
AU - da Silveira, Alan Bernardes
AU - Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni
AU - Garcia, Marcos Leandro
AU - Silveira, Marcos
AU - Vital, Marcos
AU - Andrade, Maryane B.T.
AU - Silva, Natalino
AU - de Araújo, Raimunda Oliveira
AU - Cavalheiro, Larissa
AU - Carpanedo, Rainiellen
AU - Fernandes, Letícia
AU - Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto
AU - de Andrade, Ricardo T.G.
AU - Magnusson, William E.
AU - Laurance, Bill
AU - Nelson, Bruce Walker
AU - Peres, Carlos
AU - Daly, Douglas C.
AU - Rodrigues, Domingos
AU - Zopeletto, Ana Paula
AU - de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida
AU - Dugachard, Estelle
AU - Barbosa, Flávia Rodrigues
AU - Santana, Flavia
AU - do Amaral, Iêda Leão
AU - Ferreira, Leandro V.
AU - Charão, Leandro S.
AU - Ferreira, Joice
AU - Barlow, Jos
AU - Blanc, Lilian
AU - Aragão, Luiz
AU - Sist, Plinio
AU - de Paiva Salomão, Rafael
AU - da Silva, Antônio Sérgio Lima
AU - Laurance, Susan
AU - Feldpausch, Ted R.
AU - Gardner, Toby
AU - Santiago, Wagner
AU - Balee, William
AU - Laurance, William F.
AU - Malhi, Yadvinder
AU - Phillips, Oliver L.
AU - da Silva Zanzini, Antônio Carlos
AU - Rosa, Clarissa
AU - Tadeu Oliveira, Wagner
AU - Pereira Zanzini, Lucas
AU - José Silva, Ricardo
AU - Mangabeira Albernaz, Ana Luisa
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the numerous researchers and field assistants who collected and provided the field data compiled in the database for the manuscript analyses, without whom this work would not have been possible. This project was funded by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Brasil (CAPES; Finance Code 001); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Processes 403297/2016‐8 and 301661/2019‐7) (Processes 550467/2010‐6 and 301432/2022‐8); Amazon Fund (grant 14.2.0929.1); Fundo Iratapuru; Universidade do Estado do Amapá (Processes 0022.0279.1202.0018/2021); We also thank Karina Melgaço, Aurora Levesley and Georgia Pickavance for their work in curating and managing ForestPlots.net records.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2023/9
Y1 - 2023/9
N2 - For more than three decades, major efforts in sampling and analyzing tree diversity in South America have focused almost exclusively on trees with stems of at least 10 and 2.5 cm diameter, showing highest species diversity in the wetter western and northern Amazon forests. By contrast, little attention has been paid to patterns and drivers of diversity in the largest canopy and emergent trees, which is surprising given these have dominant ecological functions. Here, we use a machine learning approach to quantify the importance of environmental factors and apply it to generate spatial predictions of the species diversity of all trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) and for very large trees (dbh ≥ 70 cm) using data from 243 forest plots (108,450 trees and 2832 species) distributed across different forest types and biogeographic regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The diversity of large trees and of all trees was significantly associated with three environmental factors, but in contrasting ways across regions and forest types. Environmental variables associated with disturbances, for example, the lightning flash rate and wind speed, as well as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, tend to govern the diversity of large trees. Upland rainforests in the Guiana Shield and Roraima regions had a high diversity of large trees. By contrast, variables associated with resources tend to govern tree diversity in general. Places such as the province of Imeri and the northern portion of the province of Madeira stand out for their high diversity of species in general. Climatic and topographic stability and functional adaptation mechanisms promote ideal conditions for species diversity. Finally, we mapped general patterns of tree species diversity in the Brazilian Amazon, which differ substantially depending on size class.
AB - For more than three decades, major efforts in sampling and analyzing tree diversity in South America have focused almost exclusively on trees with stems of at least 10 and 2.5 cm diameter, showing highest species diversity in the wetter western and northern Amazon forests. By contrast, little attention has been paid to patterns and drivers of diversity in the largest canopy and emergent trees, which is surprising given these have dominant ecological functions. Here, we use a machine learning approach to quantify the importance of environmental factors and apply it to generate spatial predictions of the species diversity of all trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) and for very large trees (dbh ≥ 70 cm) using data from 243 forest plots (108,450 trees and 2832 species) distributed across different forest types and biogeographic regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The diversity of large trees and of all trees was significantly associated with three environmental factors, but in contrasting ways across regions and forest types. Environmental variables associated with disturbances, for example, the lightning flash rate and wind speed, as well as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, tend to govern the diversity of large trees. Upland rainforests in the Guiana Shield and Roraima regions had a high diversity of large trees. By contrast, variables associated with resources tend to govern tree diversity in general. Places such as the province of Imeri and the northern portion of the province of Madeira stand out for their high diversity of species in general. Climatic and topographic stability and functional adaptation mechanisms promote ideal conditions for species diversity. Finally, we mapped general patterns of tree species diversity in the Brazilian Amazon, which differ substantially depending on size class.
KW - big trees
KW - diversity map
KW - forest ecology
KW - forest inventory
KW - remote sensing
KW - species richness
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85164108636&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/gcb.16821
DO - 10.1111/gcb.16821
M3 - Article
C2 - 37386918
AN - SCOPUS:85164108636
SN - 1354-1013
VL - 29
SP - 4861
EP - 4879
JO - Global Change Biology
JF - Global Change Biology
IS - 17
ER -